Watch free-to-air TV on your laptop. No login, no subscription.

An RTL-SDR dongle can show Australian free-to-air digital TV on a laptop because its Realtek RTL2832U chip was designed as a DVB-T TV decoder. Connect your TV antenna to it with an SMA pigtail, put the dongle back on its TV driver instead of the SDR driver, and scan for channels in a DVB-T TV program. The small whip that comes with the dongle can lock on to the channels, but in our use live TV was only good through the house’s TV antenna. We tested it on a Linux laptop in Sydney with the free Tvheadend server: all five networks, 58 channels including radio, with the programme guide. The broadcast comes straight off the air, so there is no account, no login and no subscription. To watch on an iPad, run the dongle on a laptop or Raspberry Pi and stream to the iPad over Wi-Fi; live TV plays in VLC on ours. The dongle can do TV or SDR, but not both at once.

Why this works at all

Every RTL-SDR dongle has two chips: a tuner that picks a stretch of spectrum, and the Realtek RTL2832U that was built to decode DVB-T, the digital TV standard Australia uses. SDR software uses a back door into that chip that streams raw radio samples instead, and ignores the TV decoder completely. Our introduction to SDR explains what that means.

The back door can only pass about 2.4 MHz of spectrum reliably, 3.2 MHz at the very most. An Australian TV channel is 7 MHz wide (ACMA). So in SDR mode the dongle can see a slice of a TV signal but never decode it. The chip’s own decoder, though, handles the full 7 MHz in hardware: the Linux kernel’s driver for it accepts 6, 7 and 8 MHz channels, so Australia’s 7 MHz is covered alongside the 6 and 8 MHz used overseas. Switch the dongle back to the driver it shipped with, and the TV half of the chip wakes up again.

Why bother? No login, no subscription

Free-to-air TV is still exactly that: free, and in the air. The networks’ own apps are another story. SBS On Demand, 9Now and 10 (the app that used to be 10 Play) all make you create an account and sign in to watch, live channels included, and 7plus does the same on its TV apps. All four carry ads. ABC iview’s apps want an ABC Account too; only its website still plays the live ABC channels without a login. A tuner on your laptop skips all of it. The signal comes off the antenna, the laptop decodes it, and nobody knows you’re watching.

It earns its place when:

• you want live TV on the laptop in the study, the kitchen, a student room or the caravan, with no TV in sight;
• you’d rather not hand over an email address to watch the news;
• the internet is down, slow or metered. Broadcast TV doesn’t touch your data allowance, and during a storm or an outage it often keeps working when streaming doesn’t;
• you want to record free-to-air programmes to watch later;
• you already own the dongle and want to get more out of it, or you’re learning, and a TV tuner you built yourself is more interesting than one you bought.

If all you want is TV on a TV, a cheap set-top box is easier. We get to that at the end.

What you need

• An RTL-SDR dongle with the R820T2 tuner. Ours, a Nooelec NESDR Smart, is below. It works in TV mode: we received all five Sydney networks with it.
• An aerial: your TV antenna. How well the small whip that comes in most dongle bundles does depends on where you live: how close you are to the transmitters, and what’s in the way, such as hills, buildings and walls. Ours locked every network from a window about 8 km from the transmitters (more on that below), but for watching, live TV was only good through the house’s TV antenna; further out or in a weak area, use the roof antenna, and the government’s mySwitch site shows the transmitter for your address.
• A pigtail to join the TV antenna to the dongle. Check for a masthead amplifier first (below): its power injector puts 12 to 17 volts on the antenna side of the coax, which can destroy the dongle, so connect on the TV side or add an F-type DC block. The dongle has a small SMA socket; TV leads end in F-type or PAL. A one-piece PAL-to-SMA adapter is hard to find in Australian shops, and a solid adapter levers on the dongle’s small socket anyway, so the usual answer is a short pigtail: a few centimetres of cable with SMA on one end and a TV connector on the other. Ours came in an eight-piece SDR kit with both a PAL and an F-type pigtail, below. Our connector reference shows every one of these plugs.
• A TV lead to the wall. A PAL-to-F fly lead, or an F-to-F lead if the wall plate is already F-type.
• A laptop. Linux is the easy route, with the TV driver built in; we tested on Linux Mint. On a Mac, TV straight from the dongle is a tinkerer’s project. On Windows, we watch the same channels in VLC, streamed over the network from the Linux laptop. Each has its own section below. Any machine from the last ten years can decode broadcast TV.
• A USB-C hub, because the dongle has a USB-A plug and most new laptops only have USB-C ports. Ours also has HDMI and power pass-through, which comes in handy at the end. Ours is below.
• For the iPad (optional): the laptop, or a Raspberry Pi, left running at home to stream to it.

The whole chain:

TV wall point → fly lead → pigtail → dongle → USB-C hub → laptop

The bundled whip shortens it to whip → dongle → USB-C hub → laptop: fine for a first scan, but in our use not for watching.

SDR dongle

Nooelec NESDR Smart v5 bundle

What we use it for: SDR experiments most of the time, and free-to-air TV when we switch it over.

Chips

Realtek RTL2832U with an R820T2 tuner, a revision of the Rafael Micro R820T found in many of the original USB TV sticks

TV standard

DVB-T (Australian free-to-air)

Aerial socket

SMA

TV mode tested on

Linux Mint 22.3 with Tvheadend 4.3, bundled whip at a window in Sydney: all five networks, 58 channels including radio, HD at 1920×1080. For watching day to day: the house’s TV antenna through the pigtail. Windows 11: watched in VLC, from the Linux laptop’s Tvheadend playlist over the network. iPad: live TV in VLC from the same Tvheadend server.

Know before you buy: not every SDR dongle goes back to TV duty cleanly. The RTL-SDR Blog V4, for example, pairs an R828D tuner with changed circuitry that needs updated drivers, and its maker warns that the old TV driver switches on its bias tee, putting DC on the aerial socket, by default. The R820T2 in this one is the classic TV-stick tuner, and it did the job for us. It doesn’t do DVB-T2, the newer standard some countries use, so it is only as future-proof as Australia’s own DVB-T.

See it on Amazon AU (paid link)

Antenna pigtails

Nooelec RF adapter cable kit, set of 8

What we use it for: the SMA-to-PAL pigtail joins the dongle to an ordinary Australian TV lead; the SMA-to-F one does the same for F-type leads and wall plates. It’s how we watch live TV day to day.

In the kit

Pigtails from SMA to BNC, Type-F, Type-N, PL-259, PAL, MCX and RP-SMA, per Nooelec’s listing

Ends

SMA male on the dongle end, with a centre pin, to fit the dongle’s SMA socket

Why a pigtail, not a solid adapter

The cable takes the weight and leverage of a stiff TV lead off the dongle’s small socket.

Know before you buy: SMA and RP-SMA look identical from the outside. You want SMA male, with a pin in the centre. An RP-SMA pigtail screws on but makes no connection, and this kit includes one, for Wi-Fi-style aerials, so pick the right one out of the case. Check the TV end against your lead or wall plate before you connect it. The rest of the kit covers radio and test gear: BNC for scanners and oscilloscopes, PL-259 for CB and ham aerials, N-type for outdoor antennas, MCX for older dongles.

See it on Amazon AU (paid link)

USB-C hub with HDMI

UGREEN Revodok Pro 8-in-1 USB-C hub

What we use it for: giving the USB-A dongle somewhere to plug into on a USB-C laptop, with the charger plugged into the hub to keep the laptop running through a long night of TV. Its HDMI port is for the punchline at the end.

HDMI output

4K at 60 Hz

Data ports

USB-A and USB-C, 10 Gbps; the dongle goes in a USB-A port

Power pass-through

100 W USB-C power delivery in, so the laptop charges through the hub

Also

SD and microSD card readers

Know before you buy: for the dongle alone, any USB-C hub with a USB-A port will do. HDMI out only works if the laptop’s USB-C port carries video (DisplayPort Alt Mode, often marked with a small DisplayPort or Thunderbolt symbol); most recent laptops do, and many cheaper ones don’t.

See it on Amazon AU (paid link)

Before you connect anything: the masthead amplifier

This is the step that saves the dongle. Many Australian homes have a masthead amplifier on the roof, powered by a small plugpack called a power injector, usually sitting behind a TV with coax going in one side and out the other. On its antenna side, the injector puts 12 to 17 volts on the coax: 14 V DC is the most common, and some older amplifiers run on 17 V AC.

• Connect the dongle only to the TV side of the injector, or to a wall point that doesn’t carry that power.
• Most dongles aren’t built to take that voltage on the aerial socket, and it can destroy the front end.
• Not sure? An inline F-type DC block costs a few dollars and removes the risk entirely.

The impedance difference between 75 Ω TV cable and the dongle’s 50 Ω input reflects a little of the signal (a reflection coefficient of 0.2), which costs about 0.18 dB and can be ignored. You don’t need a “matching transformer”.

One dongle, two drivers

The dongle can only be doing one job at a time: TV, through the TV driver, or SDR, through the generic access SDR software uses. Swapping back is the step most guides skip, and it works differently on each kind of computer.

Jump to your computer: Linux · Mac · Windows

On Linux (the route we tested)

Linux is the easy one: the TV driver is built in, and a free TV server called Tvheadend does the rest. We used a laptop running Linux Mint 22.3.

1. Check the TV driver

The kernel already includes the TV driver, dvb_usb_rtl28xxu, and loads it by default. Plug the dongle in and check with ls /dev/dvb: an adapter0 folder means the TV tuner is ready.

If it isn’t there, something is blocking the driver. SDR guides tell you to block it, and some SDR packages quietly add their own block when you install them. Find any such file with:

grep -rl rtl28xxu /etc/modprobe.d/

Delete the file it names and reboot. You don’t need the block for SDR anyway: on our Linux Mint laptop, SDR programs took the dongle away from the TV driver by themselves.

2. The catch we hit: replug after SDR

After the dongle has been used by any SDR program (GQRX, SDR++, rtl_tcp and the like), TV reception goes dead: no signal, no lock, no channels. The SDR software leaves the Realtek chip’s decoder in SDR mode, and the Linux TV driver never switches it back. (You can see it in the code: the rtl-sdr library puts the chip into SDR mode when it opens the dongle and only powers it down when it lets go, while the kernel’s own SDR driver sets the mode back when it stops, which is why the reset trick below works.) The fix:

• Unplug the dongle and plug it back in after any SDR session, then restart Tvheadend (sudo systemctl restart tvheadend), because it ignores a tuner that turns up after it has started.
• If Tvheadend still can’t open the tuner after a replug and you have the rtl-sdr package installed, its device rule may have handed the tuner to the plugdev group, which Tvheadend isn’t in. sudo usermod -aG plugdev hts, then restart Tvheadend, sorted it for us.
• The reset trick, for tinkerers. On our own TV box we added a small reset step that runs every time Tvheadend starts: it briefly opens the kernel’s own SDR device (/dev/swradio0) and closes it again, and the kernel resets the chip to TV mode on the way out. With that in place we switched from SDR to TV and back without touching the dongle. Resetting the USB port in software did not help on our laptop.

3. Install Tvheadend and scan for channels

Install Tvheadend. We used version 4.3 from the project’s official software repository. It runs in the background and gives you a web page, VLC playlists, a programme guide and recording.

1. Open http://localhost:9981 in a browser and work through its setup wizard. If you want to watch on other screens at home (Windows, Mac, iPad), set the wizard’s Allowed network to your home network’s range, for example 192.168.1.0/24, and give it an admin username and password (Tvheadend docs). Keep streaming limited to your home network, and give the admin account a strong password.
2. Enable the tuner (it shows as Realtek RTL2832 (DVB-T)), and create a DVB-T network from the pre-defined muxes for your city. We used au-Sydney.
3. Let it scan. When every mux shows a result and the services have names, map the services to channels (all of them, radio too). Map too early and some channels come out named {name-not-set}; re-map after the scan finishes if that happens.
4. Turn on the over-the-air EPG grabber, so the programme guide comes in with the broadcast.

4. Watch it

Open Tvheadend’s channel playlist in VLC (Media › Open Network Stream): http://localhost:9981/playlist/channels.m3u. Every channel appears in VLC’s playlist. Pick one and go full screen. The programme guide comes in with the broadcast, so you see what’s on now and next without any internet connection at all: Tvheadend collected more than 2,340 guide entries from the air in our test.

What we actually got

Our test: a Nooelec NESDR Smart v5 on a Linux Mint 22.3 laptop, Tvheadend 4.3, and the whip from the dongle’s bundle on its magnetic base at a window, about 8 km from Sydney’s main transmitters at Gore Hill and Artarmon.

That’s 58 channels, and more than 2,340 programme-guide entries straight from the broadcast, with no internet involved. HD channels arrived as H.264 at 1920×1080; Channel 9’s standard-definition service as MPEG-2 at 720×576.

About that aerial. The bundled whip did the job, but its position mattered more than anything else. In the first spot, every network locked with plenty of signal, yet Seven and SBS had around 2 % bit errors and were unwatchable. That pattern, a strong signal full of errors, means reflections off nearby buildings or a receiver overloaded by a strong transmitter close by, not a weak signal, so a bigger aerial wouldn’t have helped. Moving the whip fixed it: all five then measured between 28.5 and 31.9 dB carrier-to-noise with no errors left after error correction, and the channel count went from 35 to 58. The same whip in another room of the same house received ABC and Ten 12 to 15 dB weaker. If a network is missing or breaking up, move the aerial before you change anything else.

The whip can lock; for watching, use the real antenna. That test showed the whip can lock all five networks. Watching day to day is another matter: in our use, live TV on the whip wasn’t great, and through the pigtail to the house’s TV antenna it’s good, so that’s how we watch now (our results, 13/10/2026). Close to the transmitters with a clear window, the whip may do for you; further out, or with hills or buildings in the way, use the roof antenna. Do the masthead-amplifier check before you plug it in.

On a Mac

macOS has no TV driver for these dongles, and Tvheadend doesn’t run on it. There is a tinkerer’s route, and we got it working.

• What we used. An open-source project, rtl-dvbt-macos (GPL-2), drives the chip’s own TV decoder from an ordinary program, with no kernel driver. Its author had only tested it on Taiwan’s 6 MHz channels; it handled Australia’s 7 MHz fine for us. On top of it we wrote a small server of our own that tunes one network at a time, splits out its channels, and serves a VLC playlist and a programme guide.
• What we got. On an Apple silicon Mac mini: Nine’s 10 channels, with 9HD playing live at 1920×1080 in VLC, and in the free Jellyfin media server’s Live TV with more than 1,900 guide entries from the broadcast.
• What we didn’t. The other networks failed at the Mac purely because of where the aerial sat. Ten and ABC arrived 12 to 15 dB weaker there than at the Linux laptop, and Seven and SBS were full of errors from reflections, the same problem we fixed on Linux by moving the whip. We checked the Mac’s chip settings against the Linux driver’s, register by register, and they matched, so the software wasn’t the cause.
• One dongle, one network. The dongle tunes one network’s broadcast at a time, so switching to another network cuts off anyone watching the first. Our server lets go of the dongle shortly after the last viewer stops, so radio programs can use it in between.

Our honest verdict: it works, but it’s a project, not a setup, and you’d be writing the server part yourself. Most Mac owners are better off with one of these:

• Watch over the network. Put the dongle on a Linux laptop or a Raspberry Pi running Tvheadend, and watch on the Mac in VLC or Jellyfin, exactly as in the iPad section. We haven’t tried VLC on a Mac against the Linux laptop yet; it is the same playlist we play in VLC on Windows.
• Buy a network TV tuner such as an HDHomeRun, which plugs into the router and needs no driver. The current Australian-compatible model, the four-tuner FLEX QUATRO (HDFX-4DT, which also receives DVB-T2), lists at US$199.99 on SiliconDust’s own shop, with GST to pay on import, so expect well over AU$200 landed.

On Windows

What we tested: watching over the network. Leave the dongle on a Linux laptop or Raspberry Pi running Tvheadend (On Linux), and on Windows open its channel playlist in the free VLC: Media › Open Network Stream, then http://<server address>:9981/playlist/channels.m3u, where <server address> is the Linux computer’s address on your home network. Every channel appears in VLC’s playlist. That’s how we watch on Windows 11, and nothing on Windows needs a driver.

What we haven’t tested: the dongle plugged straight into Windows. We watch on Windows in VLC over the network, as above. What follows is the documented route, for anyone who wants to try it. Windows’ standard for TV tuners is the Broadcast Driver Architecture (BDA), and the Realtek TV driver is one of these. In outline:

• If you’ve never set the dongle up for SDR, plug it in. Windows may install the Realtek TV driver by itself through Windows Update (SDR users know this well: it’s the usual reason an SDR setup suddenly stops working); if it doesn’t, the dongle maker’s TV driver is needed.
• If you used Zadig to set it up for SDR, undo it. Open Device Manager, find the dongle (it often appears as RTL2832U or Bulk-In, Interface under Universal Serial Bus devices), right-click it, choose Uninstall device, tick Attempt to remove the driver for this device, and click Uninstall. Unplug the dongle, plug it back in, and let Windows find the TV driver. To use SDR again later, run Zadig again. Expect to swap back and forth.
• Scan and watch in a DVB-T viewing program that works with BDA tuners, such as ProgDVB, DVBViewer (paid) or MediaPortal; we haven’t tried any of them with this dongle. Choose Australia as the country, start the scan and wait a few minutes while it steps through the VHF and UHF channels. The program then plays the channels itself.

Whichever computer: a good scan and a good picture

What a good scan looks like: each network turns up as a cluster of channels, because one 7 MHz broadcast (a “mux”) carries all of a network’s channels together. In Sydney that’s five muxes, and our scan found 58 channels across them, radio stations included. If the scan finds nothing, check in this order: the masthead amplifier and injector, you picked the SMA pigtail and not the RP-SMA one, the driver (on Linux, including the replug after SDR), and the aerial itself: try the lead from the TV that works, or move the whip.

Two settings make the picture look right, in VLC or any other player:

• Turn deinterlacing on in the viewing program. Australian HD broadcasts are 1080i and SD is 576i, both interlaced; without deinterlacing, movement shows comb-like stripes. Our guide to interlaced video and deinterlacing explains why.
• Let the program use hardware video decoding if it offers it. The laptop runs cooler and quieter, and the battery lasts longer.

Watching on an iPad, or anywhere on your network

An iPad can’t drive the dongle itself: iPadOS has no built-in driver for USB TV tuners, and although Apple lets developers ship USB drivers for iPads with an M-series chip, we haven’t found one for this dongle. What works is leaving the dongle on a computer at home, the Linux laptop or a Raspberry Pi running Tvheadend (see On Linux), and streaming the channels to the iPad over Wi-Fi, still with no account anywhere. Two free ways to watch:

VLC, the simple way

1. On the iPad, install VLC (free) and choose Network › Open Network Stream.
2. Enter the server’s playlist address, in the form http://<server address>:9981/playlist/channels.m3u, where <server address> is the address of the computer running Tvheadend on your home network.
3. VLC should list every channel. Tap one to watch.

What VideoLAN documents: VLC for iPad and iPhone supports network streams, including HLS, MMS and RTSP, and its App Store listing adds streaming from the web. Neither spells out how the app handles an M3U playlist opened from a network address, though the app’s changelog records fixes to playlist playback. We’ve now tried it: with Tvheadend running, live TV plays in VLC on our iPad (our results, 13/10/2026).

Jellyfin, the tidy way

Jellyfin is a free media server with apps for the iPad, phones and smart TVs, and a proper TV guide grid. Install it on a computer at home, then in its dashboard add a Live TV tuner of type M3U Tuner with the playlist address above, and guide data of type XMLTV with http://<server address>:9981/xmltv/channels. Live TV then shows the channels with what’s on, and we had that working on a Mac. Watch in the Jellyfin app on the iPad: the official one, free and listed as Jellyfin Mobile, runs on iPhone and iPad, and its App Store listing says it plays Live TV and recorded shows from your Jellyfin server. The project notes that this app wraps Jellyfin’s web interface, and that its native video app, Swiftfin, is on the App Store as a beta.

VLC is tested on our iPad. For Jellyfin, only the server side is tested, on the Mac; we’ll add the iPad app result when we’ve tried it.

The same playlist works in VLC on a phone, another laptop or a smart TV’s VLC app, anywhere on your home network, and Kodi connects to Tvheadend directly with its Tvheadend add-on (HTSP, port 9982). So one aerial and one dongle become live TV for every screen in the house, still with no account anywhere. Ordinary home Wi-Fi handled one or two TV streams fine for us. Tvheadend can serve one network’s channels to several screens at once, because they all arrive in the same broadcast; two different networks at the same moment need a second dongle, and switching networks for one viewer cuts off anyone watching the other. Tvheadend can record, too, so the server becomes a small personal video recorder.

And now, for a laugh: put it back on a TV

You took a TV signal out of the air, through a radio receiver that was built out of a TV stick, into a laptop. There is one more step available, and we’d be letting you down if we didn’t mention it: send it back to a TV.

Yes, the TV already has a tuner. That’s the joke. But it’s possible, and it isn’t always pointless: a monitor, a projector or an old TV whose tuner has died has no tuner at all, and this turns any of them into a television.

1. Plug the hub’s HDMI port into the TV with an HDMI lead, and the charger into the hub.
2. On Windows, press Windows key + P and choose Duplicate or Second screen only. Then open Settings › System › Sound and choose the TV as the output, or the sound will keep coming out of the laptop. On Linux Mint, choose the TV in Display settings and again as the output in Sound settings.
3. Play a channel full screen, and enjoy watching free-to-air TV on a TV, by the longest route there is.

An iPad with a USB-C port can do it too. Apple says it connects to an HDMI display or TV through a USB-C to HDMI adapter, which is what the hub’s HDMI port is, and the TV then shows the same thing as the iPad’s screen, or a second-screen view in apps that offer one, such as video apps. That completes the round trip from aerial to TV via your home Wi-Fi. Our guide to HDMI versions, ARC and eARC covers the lead and the sound.

What the cheap route won’t give you

• TV and SDR at the same time. One dongle, one job. Switching means a driver swap on Windows, and on Linux a replug (or the reset trick) before TV works again.
• Two networks at once. The dongle tunes one 7 MHz broadcast at a time. You can watch or record channels from one network together, but not ABC and Seven at the same moment.
• The reception of a real TV. A TV’s tuner is better at weak signals and at coping with strong ones next door. In a fringe area, expect drop-outs where your TV is fine. Even close to the transmitters, expect to hunt for the right spot for the bundled whip, and to want the TV antenna for watching.
• A remote control on the couch. The guide data comes through, but you’ll be driving it from a laptop or an iPad.
• DVB-T2. If Australia ever moves its free-to-air TV to DVB-T2, this dongle won’t receive it. Nothing is decided: in September 2026 the federal government opened a consultation on the future of free-to-air TV (closing 24/11/2026), and a move to DVB-T2 is one of its three scenarios. The other two keep DVB-T and finish moving channels from MPEG-2 to the newer MPEG-4 (H.264) video format, which this dongle copes with fine, because the laptop does the video decoding.

Recording what you watch

Tvheadend records on a schedule from its programme guide. We set it to save recordings as MKV files; an hour of HD came to about 1.8 GB, so a modest drive holds a lot of television.

Recording free-to-air TV to watch at a more convenient time, solely for private and domestic use, is allowed in Australia under the Copyright Act’s time-shifting exception (section 111). The exception stops applying if a recording is sold, hired out, distributed, played in public or broadcast; lending it to someone in your own household is fine. The Act sets no deadline for deleting a recording, but whether a permanent library still counts as watching “at a more convenient time” is a grey area. This is general information, not legal advice.

Common questions

Sources

The reception results, channel counts, signal figures, the replug finding and the Mac results are from our own tests on 10/10/2026; Windows playback over the network from our test on 13/10/2026; iPad playback in VLC, and day-to-day viewing on the whip compared with the TV antenna, from our results on 13/10/2026. Everything else was checked against these sources on 12/10/2026 unless an edition date is given.

Regulators and government

• Radio and Television Broadcasting Stations, “General information” (digital TV channel width, DVB-T standard), Australian Communications and Media Authority, Internet Edition July 2026. Link
• mySwitch: digital TV reception by address, Australian Government, checked 12/10/2026. Link
• Technology scenarios for free-to-air television, discussion paper, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts, September 2026. Link
• Consultation on future free-to-air television delivery (open 15/09/2026 to 24/11/2026), same department. Link
• OP-29, Quality specifications for file delivery of SDTV and HDTV commercials (576i and 1080i formats), Free TV Australia, Issue 9, November 2019. Link
• OP-88, DVB-T to DVB-T2 Transition Arrangements, Free TV Australia, Issue 0, July 2023. Link

Law

• Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), section 111, compilation 65 (C2026C00138), in force from 02/04/2026, Federal Register of Legislation. Link
• Copyright and the Digital Economy (ALRC Report 122), chapter 10 “Private use and social use”, Australian Law Reform Commission. Link

The networks’ own help pages

• Where can I get ABC iview?, ABC Help. Link
• How do I create and verify my SBS On Demand account?, SBS Help. Link
• Information on ads and ad preferences on SBS On Demand, SBS Help. Link
• How to sign into the 7plus app on my TV?, 7plus Support. Link
• Do I need to pay to access content on 7plus?, 7plus Support. Link
• How do I verify my 9Now account?, 9Now Help. Link
• Why do I need to sign in to the 10 app?, 10 Helpdesk. Link

Linux kernel and open-source software

• rtl2832.c, the RTL2832 DVB-T demodulator driver (6, 7 and 8 MHz channels), Linux kernel. Link
• rtl2832_sdr.c, the kernel’s SDR driver for the same chip, Linux kernel. Link
• rtl28xxu.c, the dvb-usb-rtl28xxu USB TV driver, Linux kernel. Link
• librtlsdr.c and rtl-sdr.rules, rtl-sdr, Osmocom. Link
• dvb-t/au-Sydney scan table, dtv-scan-tables, Tvheadend project. Link
• Requirements and Linux installation, Tvheadend documentation. Link · Link
• Playlist and XMLTV endpoints, Tvheadend documentation. Link
• Setup wizard workflow (steps; “Allowed network” and admin details on the access-control step), Tvheadend documentation, checked 13/10/2026. Overview · Worked example
• tvheadend(1) manual page (web port 9981, HTSP port 9982), Tvheadend project. Link
• Live TV, Jellyfin documentation. Link
• Clients (Jellyfin for iOS and iPadOS), Jellyfin. Link
• Jellyfin Mobile on the App Store (free; Live TV and recorded shows from a Jellyfin server; version 1.8.0), Apple App Store, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• Jellyfin for iOS README (a web wrapper for iPhone and iPad; Swiftfin in beta), Jellyfin project, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• pvr.hts, the Tvheadend client add-on for Kodi, Kodi PVR team. Link
• VLC for iOS and iPadOS (network streams, including HLS, MMS and RTSP), VideoLAN, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• VLC media player on the App Store (free; streaming from media servers and the web; version 3.7.3), Apple App Store, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• VLC for iOS changelog (playlist playback fixes, network stream opening), VideoLAN, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• VLC for Windows (free and open source; plays network streams), VideoLAN, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• rtl-dvbt-macos, open-source project (GPL-2.0). Link

Makers and retailers

• About RTL-SDR, RTL-SDR Blog. Link
• RTL-SDR Quick Start Guide, RTL-SDR Blog. Link
• RTL-SDR Blog V4 user guide, RTL-SDR Blog. Link
• HDHomeRun FLEX QUATRO HDFX-4DT, SiliconDust shop. Link
• Kingray PSK06F 14 V DC power supply, Wiltronics. Link
• Kingray PSK08 17 V AC power supply, Wiltronics. Link
• Kingray PSK01 12 V DC power supply, Allfix Electrical. Link

Platforms and standards

• Bring your driver to iPad with DriverKit (WWDC22 session 110373), Apple. Link
• Charge and connect with the USB-C port on your iPad (HDMI displays or TVs through a USB-C to HDMI adapter; mirrored or second-screen view), Apple Support, published 17/03/2026, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• Broadcast Driver Architecture minidrivers (Windows’ driver model for digital TV tuners), Microsoft Learn, checked 13/10/2026. Link
• How to use multiple monitors in Windows, Microsoft Support. Link
• VESA develops early certification program for USB Type-C devices using DisplayPort Alt Mode, VESA, 08/06/2016. Link